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When water droplets containing dissolved ions freeze, opposite charges may develop between the newly formed ice crystals and the still unfrozen droplets. As the ice crystals and droplets separate in a cloud, charged regions form.
Solutions of four sodium (Na) salts, containing fluoride (F-), chloride (Cl-), bromide (Br-), and iodide (I-) ions, were each made at six different concentrations, in moles per liter (moles/L). The solutions were slowly cooled until freezing began. The electrical potential (whether the droplets had a positive or negative charge with respect to the ice crystals) was measured in volts. The results are shown in the Figure.
A scientist could best determine which ion (F-, Cl-, Br-, or I-) produced the greatest electrical potential in the Experiment by comparing the electrical potential that develops between ice and:
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